Monday, July 20, 2020

The Definitive Guide on What is Cartesian Equation

The Definitive Guide on What is Cartesian Equation In this blog, we are going to share with you everything about the Cartesian Equation. Lets get started:- History of Cartesian Equations Summary History of Cartesian EquationsCartesian EquationExample of Cartesian EquationDimensionsOne DimensionTwo DimensionThree DimensionApplication of the Cartesian EquationConclusion French philosopher and Mathematician Rene Descartes have originated the word Cartesian, and it was published in 1637. Pierre de Fermat has autonomously found it, who used to work in 3 scopes, though Fermat has not found its discovery. Fermic cleric Nicole Oresme has used structures parallel to Cartesian cooperates, which was very good before the time of Fermat as well as Descartes. There is a growth of the Cartesian system, which plays an essential position in the progress of calculus provided by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz also Isaac Newton. There is a two-coordinate explanation of the plane, which has been then evaluated in the theory of vector spaces. Cartesian Equation There is a curve in the Cartesian equation, which is generally evaluating a particular equation of a curve in the standard, and there are xs and ys are only two variables. You need to explain the parametric equations to find the equation instantaneously: If there is y = 4t, then both of the sides by 4 to find (1/4) y = t. An equation of a curve or surface in which the variables are the Cartesian organizes of a point on the curve or surface. Example of Cartesian Equation The curve is related to parametric equations x = 2 + t2 y = 4t Let us evaluate the Cartesian equation of the curve. To evaluate the equation, the parametric equations should be solved instantaneously If y = 4t, then separate both sides with 4 to find (1/4) y = t. The new value of t is changed with the equation for x x = 2 + (1/4(y)) 2 expand the bracket (square both 1/4 and y) to derive x = 2 + 1/16 y2. Theoretically, the last equation is in Cartesian form because it contains variables x y, though in additionally reorganize equation to choose standard y = form: x = 2 + 1/16 y2 (minus 2 from both sides) x 2 = 1/16 y2 (multiply each side by 16) 16x 32 = y2 ( finally take square roots of both sides) y = SQRT (16x-32) Dimensions There are many dimensions in the Cartesian Equation, which are as under: One Dimension Selecting a Cartesian coordinate system for a one-dimensional space which is for a straight line, and it includes selecting a point O of the line from the origin, a unit of length, and also an orientation for the line. An orientation selects that which of the two lines are decided by O is positive as well as which is negative. A line that is chosen Cartesian system is known as the number line. There are some real numbers, and all real numbers are having a particular location on the line. Every point in the line can be understood as a number in a well-organized range like the real numbers. Two Dimension A Cartesian coordinate system in two dimensions is stated by an organized pair of the perpendicular axis. A single unit of length for both pairs, also an alignment for each axis. The point where the axes meet is known as the origin for both so turning each axis into a number line. Three Dimension The cartesian coordinate system for a three-dimensional space comprises of an organized triplet of axes. Which go with a common point, also pair-wise perpendicular; an orientation for each ax; a single unit of length for all three axes. The Cartesian relates of P are those three numbers, in the chosen order. The opposite construction regulates the point P is three coordinates. Application of the Cartesian Equation Cartesian coordinates are a concept that has an assembly of usual features in the real world. Although, there are three constructive phases which are involved in covering coordinates on a problem application: An origin should be allocated to a particular spatial location or landmark.Units of distance should be decided to explain the spatial size signified by the numbers used as coordinates.The orientation of the pairs should be explained using available directional cues for all but one pair. Conclusion Now you have seen the best ever guide on Cartesian Equation. Get the best assignment help from the experts at nominal charges. We are offering the world-class services to the students at nominal charges.

Thursday, May 21, 2020

Causes And Consequences Of The Great Depression - 2847 Words

Essay Description: In this essay I will be discussing the statement of do our perspectives of events and people change over time in relation to the Great Depression in Australia. This essay covers the causes, consequences and what the media, historians and people thought. My personal opinion is also included. The Great depression of was a period of economic crisis and business lows throughout the world . It roughly began with the stock market crash of 1929 and spiraled out of control from then onward throughout 1930. Poverty, unemployment, bank failures, social impacts and political consequences were a few of the many downfalls to the depression. But the Great depression was not all doom and gloom as we are discovering. It was also a period of joy and pleasure where people felt as though they had a purpose. As we get further away from that time our perspectives are starting to change as we uncover more information. It’s not what it first seems. There are many various causes of the Great Depression but historians believe the greatest contributor was the stock market crash of 1929 . On Black Tuesday October 29 stockholders lost more than 40 billion dollars , everyone panicked and sold their shares all at once leading to a massive collapse. This affected everyone all around the world. With the stock market crashing, people feared further economic woes so they stopped purchasing goods. As you could predict the reduction in items produced led to a reduction in the workforceShow MoreRelatedObesity Is A Serious Epidemic Disease865 Words   |  4 PagesObesity also known as overweight is a serious epidemic disease that can cause harm to the systems of the body including the heart. Parent. Obesity is the biggest threat to humanity in the United State of America and something has to be done weatherwise our future generation is at stake. Main point: Health. National consequence. depression Parents,Obesity in United State is affecting health, national consequence and depression to the victims, if something is not done fast to alter this misfortuneRead MoreCauses Of The Great Depression1319 Words   |  6 Pageshaving classic satisfying life concluded when the Great Depression ushered in the negative trend that would impact the U.S. economy in 1929. Therefore, what happened? In this essay, we will discuss what the Great Depression was for the Americans, the causes of the Great Depression, and the U.S.’s recovery from the Great Depression. The Great Depression One of the terrifying times in the U.S. history is the Great Depression. The Great Depression is an economic phenomenon, which according to theRead MoreExplaining the Cause of World War Two Essay1078 Words   |  5 PagesExplaining the Cause of World War Two This statement is totally correct in that no one factor alone can sufficiently explain how the conditions needed for world war two were created. There are a great range of factors which we need to identify and show how they all link together or overlap. All these causes reinforce each other and can be split into short, medium or long term causes. These key causes are; the failure of the league, consequences of the treaty of VersaillesRead MoreWall Street : The Great And Powerful Financial District Of The World1407 Words   |  6 Pages Wall Street is the great and powerful financial district of the world. With that statement being true Wall Street isn’t perfect. Wall Street has faced many problems throughout its existence as recessions and depressions came into play and single handedly pushed America into a financial crisis. As early as 1929 till as recent as 2008 recessions still occur and throughout the existence of Wall Street they will never stop existing. The argument of whether or not a recession could be predicted is aRead MoreThe Consequences Of The Great Depression875 Words   |  4 PagesInvestigation(127) Analyze the consequences of the great depression in France. For this paper, to identify the consequences of the great depression in France I will have to obtain a variety of sources that explain how they got involved. Using these sources I will be able to figure out who was mainly damaged and how they try to resolve issues. I will also be able to identify who else was involved that may have caused things get worse. Information of France before and after the great depression will also be helpfulRead MoreThe Causes of Canadas Great Depression of 1929-1939 Essay1679 Words   |  7 Pagesclosest to him heard. â€Å"It’s all gone.†# The term ‘Great Depression’ according to Kristin Brennan evokes black-and-white images of thin men in threadbare suits and worn-out shoes selling five-cent apples on city streets, of â€Å"grim-faced women lined up three deep to collect bread and milk at relief stations.†# The Great Depression of the 1930s was a devastating time toward many Canadians, where the collapse of the sto ck market was the beginning of the Depression, a period of severe economic and social hardshipRead MoreExploring Causes of The Great Depression Essay522 Words   |  3 PagesExploring Causes of The Great Depression Introduction The Wall Street crash of 29 Oct 1929 and the Great Depression that followed were such a shock to most Americans that some early attempts to explain their causes blamed sunspot activity or medieval prophecy. 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This can be seen in the creation of thehis character, Assef. Throughout Assef’s life, readers are able to see him transition from a young bully to a grown man that uses racist thoughts to fuel his thirst for his misdeeds. When Assef is allowed to continue with his racial fueled actions without any consequences, he causes severe mental issues to many of his victims. Not only doesRead MoreWas the Treaty of Versailles the Major Cause of World War Two? 1034 Words   |  4 Pagesconflict in the history of mankind. It crimpled many nations and caused millions of people to die. One of the major causes of this disastrous war was the Treaty of Versailles which ended the First World War. This treaty was destructive towards the Germans. Germany had to pay large amounts of reparations to the Allied nations at the end of World War One resulting in a Great Depression in Germany. Additionally, the Treaty of Versailles’ war guilt clause forced Germans to admit full responsibility for

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

The Perils Of Intimacy And The Passionate Shepherd To His...

Compare using literary and linguistic techniques how love is presented in â€Å"The Perils Of Intimacy† and â€Å"The Passionate Shepherd To His Love† Written in two completely different time periods, both texts clearly address the theme of love and the connotations surrounding it in mainly two diverse ways. â€Å"The Passionate Shepherd To His Love† arguably has the main theme of male dominance, which is ultimately prominent throughout the poem, and how gender ultimately feeds into the experience of love. Composed in the 16th century, this argument makes contextual sense as in society women were oppressed in almost every persona and in this case it is shown through the theme of love. Whereas â€Å"The Perils Of Intimacy† concludes a more equal†¦show more content†¦Once the narrator highlights â€Å"...she would keep looking at me. And every time she looked at me, it was worth something† this argument is addressed and clearly portrayed. Through this statement, a sense of commitment and value is placed on the idea of love and the argument that love is sexually dominated is disregarded through the synta x structure. The fronted conjunction â€Å"And† used to continue the narrator’s argument highlights the prosodic feature of pace whereby the first sentence comes to a halt, but the second sentence is read with more emphasis conveying that love doesn’t have to just be sexually focussed, but the whole concept is actually â€Å"worth something†. The abstract noun â€Å"something† additionally re-illustrates that their love is inconclusive and cannot therefore be explained coherently yet it is clearly valued by the narrator. Chronologically, because this podcast was composed centuries after â€Å"The Passionate Shepherd To His Love† and is relatively recent, the narrator may have intentionally not specifically focused on the theme of love in regards to sex due to the heightened attention sexual relationships are given in the media nowadays - showing a clear differentiation to â€Å"The Passionate Shepherd To His Love† in the way certain c onnoted themes like sex are presented once describing love. Continuing, in â€Å"The Passionate Shepherd To His Love† Marlowe continues to reveal the idea of male dominance in the regards to the theme ofShow MoreRelatedDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesUniversity, for their work on the supplement on making oral and written presentations; Gretchen Spreitzer of the University of Southern California for her work on the chapter on gaining power and influence; Richard M. Steers of the University of Oregon for his work on the motivation chapter; Pat Seybolt and Troy Nielsen of the University of Utah for their work on the chapter on managing conflict; Cathy German of Miami University for her assistance in revising Supplement A, and John Tropman, University ofRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pagesfocused on conflict, power, and politics in organizations, behavioral decision making, and the development of effect ive interpersonal skills. Books Published: World’s best-selling author of textbooks in both management and organizational behavior. His books have sold more than 5 million copies and have been translated into 20 languages; editions have been adapted for Canada, Australia, South Africa, and India, such as these: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Essentials of Organizational Behavior

Power of Music Revealed Essay Free Essays

People are now playing therapeutic music for patients in hospitals, hospices and other clinical settings to improve their healing. Music seems to be therapeutic to the human mind. Music can also provoke memories. We will write a custom essay sample on Power of Music Revealed Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now It can trigger things in our minds that we all have experienced as humans. Music’s power extends to the point where we don’t even have to hear a song, we just have to think of it. When this happens, memories of a particular event or time in our lives that possess or resemble some type of association can come flooding back (Science of People; Danielle M. Baker). Through these scientific discoveries, we see yet another aspect of the power of music in the human mind. This power can be seen in the composition Forever Music by Mark Hayes and Susan Boersma. Historically and scientifically, it is evident that music has a power that is both unique and universal. The language of Forever Music is written for the intended purpose of global unification through the power of music. The idea of producing a common ground amongst all people who can hear. The message; music represents life, peace, time, love, and the happy assembly of all people in the world regardless of one’s individual background. Each lyrical element in this piece is intended to allow all people of every culture to share a song. A song that carries meaning applicable to everyone who can hear. Mark and Susan seem to have envisioned, as demonstrated by the text’s language and rhetoric, a peaceful and unified world that has the deepest appreciation for life and music. The audience for this text is timeless. â€Å"†¦ where present, past, and future meet upon a narrow bridge of time.† This work is written for all people of all ages. It is designed to inform the world that each individual life is a song meant to be sung. The study of this piece, Forever Music, can be broken down into many different segments. We will take time to dissect each phrase in the song with the hope of being able to fully understand the depths of its symbolism and how what it communicates relates to people of every age and from every culture around the world. We will contextualize the songs language though it’s lyrics, and we will also try to gain a better musical understanding for the way that this piece was composed. We can just as easily dissect the musical element of Forever Music as the lyrical element. These two categories, individually, are imbedded with such meaning, emotion, and symbolism. These are things that we get to discover! There are many years of professional experience between this works creators, and because of this, their experiences enhance their ability, and this songs ability, to reach a timeless audience from every culture. How to cite Power of Music Revealed Essay, Essays

Sunday, April 26, 2020

The Power of Story Telling Essay Example Essay Example

The Power of Story Telling Essay Example Paper The Power of Story Telling Essay Introduction To understand and learn from different textual materials is the real essence of reading. This is the very reason why it is perceived that kindergarten learners need to continuously increase their reading comprehension skills as they move forward with their grade or school levels (Williams, 1998). Based on reports, teachers are worrying that as time goes by, more and more learners go to school without the expected knowledge and skills in reading and comprehending textual materials given to them (Snow, 2002). Needless to say, the children-learners’ literacy level tend to go down which is brought by many different factors.Indeed, there have been recent studies conducted which reveal that increasing the literacy level of the kindergarten learners is becoming a challenging tasks for the teachers. Students who are in the in their middle age of learning are already being taught for proper reading and comprehension. However, there are reports that show that there are increasing number of students who have gone to higher levels but â€Å"are still not fully equipped with the right reading and comprehension perspectives,† thus a big task to teachers and other educational facilitators nowadays is how to increase the reading comprehension of students in the middle school (Snow, 2002). For this reason alone, different teaching methods and approaches have been tried to eliminate the continuing problem on low literacy level.With all the information stated above, it should be realized that to increase the literacy skills of the young learners, teachers need to provide extra time to their students. This ‘extra time’ can be consumed by reading to the students. And this is where story telling comes in really handy.Storytelling is an ancient art, as old as oral communication itself. To be human is to be a storyteller; we use stories to define ourselves, to make sense of our world, and to create community. Unfortunately, educators – including teach er-librarians- have often neglected storytelling as a teaching tool and as a useful skill for students.The oral tradition of telling stories goes back to the beginning of spoken language. Long before historical events were written down, storytellers relayed stories to preserve culture and heritage (Vansina, 1985). The earliest recorded stories, such as the tales of Gilgamesh, Beowulf, and the Greek and Norse myths, were first communicated as oral tales (Thompson, 1946).There are a number of benefits that can be derived in storytelling to children-learners. One of the most important aspect that story telling brings to learners is its ability to stimulate interest in reading. If a teacher is orally sharing a story that is based on a book, it is important to let the students know that the book is available to be checked out of the school library. Most students love to hear stories, and that the story can often be transferred to the printed word.Storytelling teaches and reinforces both oral and listening skills (Groce, 2001) – two basic life skills that usually do not receive the same attention in schools as reading and writing. The pleasure that children can receive by listening to stories helps them associate listening with enjoyment. They also learn how to be respectful listeners. Storytelling enhances vocabulary and language development, assisting students in discovering both the beauty and the power of words. Many adults in today’s society are afraid of speaking in front of an audience. When children and youth are involved in oral presentations, they become more comfortable with public speaking as they grow older. Thus, storytelling can help foster self-confidence and poise (Caulfield, 2000).A well-told story can nurture the imagination of students and assist them in mental visualization (Baker ; Greene, 1977). Too often the youths are bombarded with audio and visual stimulation and are rarely provided opportunities to mentally see characters, s ettings, and actions. When students tell stories, they are offered outlets for their own creative expression. The storyteller can change a story, adding ideas or details that make it one’s own creation. This is often referred to as â€Å"making a story your own.†Storytelling through the ages has been used as a teaching tool, whether for imparting the values contained in many of the folktales or for simply passing along information. Facts embedded in a story are generally much easier to learn and recall than when presented in an informational format (Wagner Smith, 1969).Each culture has its own folktales and stories; thus, participation in storytelling can convey an awareness and appreciation of other cultures. It is a way of respecting the heritage of a particular culture, reinforcing societal values, and keeping traditions and folk heroes alive.Most important, storytelling is fun. Stories can be funny, suspenseful, exciting, and thought provoking. Having times in our school day to laugh and be entertained provides opportunities for students to relax and adds variety to classroom routines.The Best Approaches to StorytellingOn Selecting a StoryOne of the most important steps in storytelling is the selection of a story that will be shared aloud. Not every book can be used to tell a story. The selected story should have a definite beginning, middle, and end. Folktales, myths, legends, hero tales, humorous stories, and realistic stories are especially suitable for storytelling. Consider the age of the audience when choosing a story. Young children love stories with repetition and pleasing word sounds, whereas older children prefer stories that have action, humor, and suspense. The teachers should always choose a story that he/she enjoys him/herself (Wagner Smith, 1969).On Preparing a StoryBefore attempting to tell a story, the teacher should read it through several times and try to picture the events and hear the voices of the characters. Although the teacher may want to memorize repetitive, interesting, and beautiful phrasing that will help retain the flavor of the original story, avoid memorizing an entire story. Develop a clear outline of the story plot in mind, and then simply tell it. It is particularly important to be familiar with the beginning and the end of a story. Once the teacher feels comfortable that he/she knows the story thoroughly, try to imagine the audience and then practice telling the story aloud numerous times (Wagner Smith, 1969).On Telling the StoryThe following are several tips that can help both the teachers and the kindergarten learners and become successful storytellers (Baker Greene, 1977): · Use natural voice, speaking simply in an unaffected way. · Speak loudly enough to be easily heard. · Articulate clearly. · Use pauses and changes of pace and pitch to create moods. · Use gestures when appropriate, but avoid movement that is unrelated to the story. · Keep face alive and expressiv e. · Maintain eye contact with the listeners. · Subordinate oneself to the story.Remember, the teachers are the instrument while the story is the main feature.Some Extension Activities for StorytellingAlthough the teachers’ ultimate goal is to have kindergarten students begin to tell their own stories, the teacher may want to begin getting students involved in storytelling by having them participate in some extension activities of stories that another adult storyteller shares. The following are some activities that can be used to involve students in storytelling (Baker Greene, 1977): · Discuss possible other endings for a story. · Tell something that could have happened to one of the characters in a story before or after the story. · Using a microphone, interview the characters in a story, with one student being a television news reporter and other students being the characters in a story. · Write a different ending for a story. · Write a journal entry as one o f the characters in a story. · Write a poem about a story. · Make up a song or jingle for the story. · Write a newspaper article about what happened in a story. · Research one of the characters in a story. · Draw a picture of a favorite scene in a story. · Make a comic strip of a story. · Make a story quilt, with each student drawing a different part of a story and then piecing drawings together. · Make props that can be used to retell a story. · Act out a story using sound effects, movements, and gestures. · Take turns retelling a story by passing along a magic wand or other object and have each student tell a portion of the story. · Retell a story from another point of view. · Retell a story, sharing it with a different audience.ConclusionIndeed, increasing the literacy skills of the young learners is not an easy task. There are varied factors that both the teachers and the learners need to consider before they can fully succeed in their goal. One of the fo remost factors that teachers should really take into consideration is the ways in which they could provide more time to read to the students and at the same time stimulate them to read. And it was found out that storytelling can achieve such objectives.Storytelling is still very much a part of the work of youth services librarians in school and public libraries. Whether stories are told with props, costumes, puppets, or flannel boards or whether a storyteller stands alone at the front of the room, stories can stimulate children to read, to listen, and to use their creative skills. Most important, listening to and telling stories helps children connect with and understand themselves and other people, a valuable asset in an increasingly complex and diverse world and the most dominating criteria to increasing the literacy skills.Pedagogical ApplicationsAs a teacher, I would like to enhance my storytelling skills so that I can use this as part of my everyday learning programs for the yo ung learners that I am handling. Based on the ideas presented above, story telling to the kindergarten students will truly augment, not only their literacy skills but also some aspect of their own mental, psychological and/or overall personality, with which I, as the teacher needs to provide due consideration also. By this alone, I am most confident that by giving some time – everyday, or maybe twice a day – for storytelling (such as in the mat time), educational achievement of my young learners will become on a high level. The Power of Story Telling Essay Thank you for reading this Sample!

Thursday, March 19, 2020

Symbolises innocence Essay Example

Symbolises innocence Essay Example Symbolises innocence Essay Symbolises innocence Essay Write about the use Blake makes of childrens voices in at least two other poems.  I am using the innocence poems The Lamb and Infant Joy in order to compare the way Blake uses childrens voices with the experienced poem Infant Sorrow  The Lamb is written like a religious hymn and is narrated by a small child. The Little Lamb in the poem symbolises Jesus. The structure of The Lamb is two simple stanzas each of ten lines. The first half of the poem represents the child talking to The Lamb the second half shows the Lamb replying to the small child. The first half of the poem also acts as a chorus, like in a religious hymn, the simple structure reflects the simplicity of the poem and the child. Infant Joy shows the joys of a child being born and the choosing of names. The poem is narrated by a two day old baby throughout. The poem shows the celebration of child birth and a child. The structure of Infant Joy is two simple stanzas, each of six lines, the structure if simple like the baby, this symbolises innocence.  Infant Sorrow is the partner poem of Infant Joy ad is the complete opposite of it. It shows the pain and upset caused by child birth and shows the loneliness of the newborn baby. The structure of Infant Sorrow is two stanzas, each of four lines, which appears quite simple and innocence like however the lines are much longer than in Infant Joy. The poem is narrated by a new born baby. The three poems I have chosen have a lot of similarities, they are all narrated by children or babies but Blake changes his style of writing in each case. In Infant Joy the baby is but two days old, the baby appears happy and content as it is an innocence poem, throughout the poem the baby talks of its joy of being born. In The Lamb the small child is talking to Jesus, represented by The Lamb. The child asks questions of creation and then replies to itself. The Lamb is different to Infant Joy as the child is playing both parts, the lamb and the child therefore asking and answering its own questions where as in Infant Joy there is only one character, the baby, and therefore we only feel its emotions, the mother and father are not involved in the poem. Whereas in Infant Sorrow the mother and father play a main part, the baby talks of the upset and moaning of his mother and father shortly and it is born and shows how it is feeling lonely and controlled. Blake here is obviously creating a different child for each poem, and each child obviously has its own voice and opinions. Possibly, the babies in Infant Joy and Infant Sorrow are the same baby but Blake has given them different situations to live and cope in. Blake uses different language also in each of the poems, in The Lamb Blake uses archaic language to symbolise the relationship between the child, God and Jesus, Dost thou know who made thee, whereas in Infant Joy Blake uses innocent, positive words to symbolise that the baby is happy with its birth and excited at the fact that it will soon be named. Infant Sorrow is in complete contrast with the two other poems; Blake uses negative, experienced words of corruption and hatred to portray the emotions that the baby is feeling.

Monday, March 2, 2020

Understanding Percontation Punctuation Marks

Understanding Percontation Punctuation Marks The percontation mark (also known as the punctus percontativus or  percontation  point) is a late-medieval mark of punctuation (ØŸ) used to signal the close of a rhetorical question. In rhetoric, percontatio is a type of affective (as opposed to information-seeking) question, similar to epiplexis. In The Arte of Rhetoric (1553), Thomas Wilson makes this distinction: We doo aske often-tymes, because we would knowe: we do aske also, because we woulde chide, and sette furthe our grief with more vehemencie, the one is called Interrogatio, the other is percontatio. The percontation mark was used (for a brief period of time) to identify this second type of question. Examples and Observations When punctuation was first invented by Aristophanes, librarian at Alexandria in the 4th century BC, he suggested that readers could use middle ( ·), low (.), and high points (Ë™) to punctuate writing according to the rules of rhetoric. Despite this, it took another two millennia before the eponymous rhetorical question got its own mark of punctuation. Worried that his readers would not catch such a subtle figure of speech, in the late sixteenth century the English printer Henry Denham created the percontation mark- a reversed question markto address the problem. . . .Faced with a wave of apathy, use of the percontation mark had petered out within fifty years of its birth. (Keith Houston, 8 Punctuation Marks That Are No Longer Used. Huffington Post, September 24, 2013)The percontation-mark (or punctus percontativus), the standard Arabic question mark, indicated percontations, questions open to any answer or (more loosely) rhetorical questions, in various books of c.1575-c.1625. T his usage seems to have been invented by the translator Anthonie Gilbie or his printer Henry Denham (a pioneer of the semi-colon): roman examples appear in their psalms of Dauid (1581), black letter ones in Turbervilles Tragicall Tales (1587). It didnt catch on in print because, being reversed, expensive new type was needed, but was used by scribes including Crane, who worked on Shakespeares First Folio: so how did compositors set percontation-marks present in their copy but not type-cases? One possibility is that italic or black letter question-marks amid roman type record otherwise unsettable percontation-marks. (John Lennard, The Poetry Handbook: A Guide to Reading Poetry for Pleasure and Practical Criticism. Oxford University Press, 2005) [Henry] Denham seems to have been interested in punctuation, since two of the books he published in the 1580s contain another new, but rare symbol, the percontativus . . .. This consists of a reversed, but not inverted, interrogativus and is used to mark a percontatio, i.e. a rhetorical question, one which does not require an answer. . . . For the most part 16th- and 17th-century authors and compositors either omitted to mark a percontatio, or used the interrogativus, but the percontativus does appear from time to time in the 17th century: for example, in the holographs of Robert Herrick and Thomas Middleton. (M.B. Parkes, Pause and Effect: An Introduction to the History of Punctuation. University of California Press, 1993)